ἄρα

ἄρᾰ, [dialect] Ep. [full] ῥά (which is enclitic and used after monosyllables, ἦ, ὅς, γάρ, etc., or words ending in a vowel or diphthong, e.g. ἐπεί), before a consonant [full] ἄρ (perh. cf. Lith.

A i[rtilde] 'and'): expressing consequence, then, or mere succession, there and then, and in many derived uses.

A EARLIER USAGE: to denote,

I immediate transition, there and then, straightway,

ὣς φάτο βῆ δ' ἄρ' Ὄνειρος Il.2.16

: after a part.,

ὣς εἰπὼν κατ' ἄρ' ἕζετο 1.68

, al.;

πυθόμενος . . εἶπε ἄ. Hdt.4.134

, cf. 9.9;

ἐρωτώσης τῆς μητρὸς ἀπεκρίνατο ἄρα X.Cyr.1.3.2

; with other Particles, δέ, ἦ, ὡς, etc., cf. ὁ δὲ Ἀστυάγης ἄ. εἶπεν ib.4.10: also after Advbs. of Time, τότε δή ῥα, τῆμος ἄρα, etc.;

οὕτως ἄρα Pl.Phdr.259b

; often in apodosi, as

αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ θηήσατο . . αὐτίκ' ἄρ' ἤλυθεν Od.5.77

; repeated

τὼ μὲν ἄρ' . . κεῖντο ἡ δ' ἄρ' . . ἀγόρευε Il.21.426

: in enumerations, e. g. in Homer's catalogue, then, next,

οἱ δ' ἄρ' Ἀθήνας εἶχον 2.546

; so in genealogies,

Σίσυφος . . ὁ δ' ἄ. Γλαῦκον τέκεθ' υἱόν 6.154

.

2 to draw attention, mark you!

τὸν τρεῖς μὲν ἐπιρρήσσεσκον . . τῶν ἄλλων Ἀχιλεὺς δ' ἄρ' ἐπιρρήσσεσκε καὶ οἶος 24.456

; with imper.,

ἀλλ' ἄγε δὴ κατ' ἄρ' ἕζευ 24.522

: to point a moral or general statement,

φευγόντων δ' οὔτ' ἂρ κλέος ὄρνυται οὔτε τις ἀλκή 5.532

.

II connexion, such as,

1 that of antecedent and consequent,

οἰνοχόει . . ἄσβεστος δ' ἄρ' ἐνῶρτο γέλως 1.599

, cf. 24.507;

τοὔνεκ' ἄρ' ἄλγε' ἔδωκε 1.96

; freq. with οὕνεκα in protasi, 7.140, al.: also in questions, τίς τ' ἄρ τῶν ὄχ' ἄριστος ἔην; who then (say you) was . . ? 2.761: with demonstr. Pronoun in recapitulation, ἀλλ' υἱὸν Πριάμοιο . . τόν ῥ' Ὀδυσεὺς βάλε he it was, whom . . , 4.501: freq. in such phrases as

ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας 2.35

, al.;

ὣς ἄρ' ἔφη 1.584

, al.;

ἦ ῥα 3.355

, al., thus, then he spoke.—This usage is universal in Greek.

2 explanation of that which precedes, χωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν ἐϋζώνοιο γυναικὸς τήν ῥα . . ἀπηύρων whom (and for this cause he was angry) they had taken away, 1.429; εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε . . φῆ ῥ' ἀέκητι θεῶν φυγέειν for he said, Od.4.504: freq. with οὕνεκα; so with relatives, ἐκ δ' ἔθορε κλῆρος ὃν ἄρ' ἤθελον αὐτοί the very one which . . , Il.7.182.

B LATER USAGE, always with inferential force: 1. in drawing conclusions (more subjective than οὖν)

, ἄριστον ἄ. ἡ εὐδαιμονία Arist.EN1099a24

;

δῆλον ἄ. Id.Pol.1295b33

; in pseudo-syllogistic conclusions, Id.SE174b11, Rh.1401a3, al.: esp. by way of informal inference, as it seems,

οὐκ ἄ. σοί γε πατὴρ ἦν Πηλεύς Il.16.33

;

οὐδ' ἄ. πως ἦν ἐν πάντεσσ' ἔργοισι δαήμονα φῶτα γενέσθαι 23.670

;

μάτην ἄρ', ὡς ἔοικεν, ἥκομεν S.El.772

; οὕτω κοινόν τι ἄ. χαρᾷ καὶ λύπῃ δάκρυά ἐστιν so true is it that . . , X.HG7.1.32;

πολὺ γὰρ ἀμείνων ἄ. ὁ τοῦ ἀδίκου ἢ ὁ τοῦ δικαίου βίος Pl.R.358c

;

ἦν ἄ. πυρός γ' ἕτερα . . θερμότερα Ar.Eq. 382

;

ὦ τλῆμον ἀρετή, λόγος ἄρ' ἦσθα Trag.Adesp.374

; so in announcing the discovery or correction of an error, as οὐκ ἐννενοήκαμεν ὅτι εἰσὶν ἄ. . . Pl.R.375d; φαίνεται πρὸ ποδῶν ἡμῖν κυλινδεῖσθαι καὶ οὐχ ἑωρῶμεν ἄρ' αὐτό ib.432d; εἰκότως ἄ. οὐκ ἐγίγνετο· ὡς γὰρ ἐγὼ νῦν πυνθάνομαι. . X.An.2.2.3.

2 in questions, expressing the anxiety of the questioner, τίς ἄ. ῥύσεται; who is there to save ? A.Th.92; so in exclamations to heighten the expression of emotion, οἵαν ἄρ' ἥβην . . ἀπώλεσεν what a band of youth was that . . ! Id.Pers.733; so ὡς ἄρα ib.472, S.Fr.577;

τί μ' ἄ. τί μ' ὀλέκεις; Id.Ant.1285

;

τί οὖν . . ἄ. X.Oec.6.2

; πῶς ἄ.; οὕτως ἄ., etc.; ἄ. alone,

ἔζης ἄ. S.Fr.686

: esp. in ironical comments, Ar.Av.476, 1371, etc.

3 epexegetic, namely, ἐρῶ, ὡς ἄ. . . Pl.Tht.152d, cf. 156e.

4 for τοι ἄρα, τἄρα, v. sub τοι 11.2.

5 εἰ (or ἐάν) μὴ ἄ. unless perhaps, Pl.Ap.38b, D.58.4; separated from εἰ μή, Id.9.20; with irony,

εἰ μὴ ἄ. ἡ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐπιμέλεια διαφθορά ἐστιν X.Mem.1.2.8

.

6 in hypothetical clauses, to indicate the improbability of the supposition,

ἢν ἄ. ποτὲ κατὰ γῆν βιασθῶσιν Th.1.93

, etc.; or simply, perhaps (sts. separated from εἰ)

, εἴ τις οὖν ὑμῶν ἄ. . . ὑπελάμβανεν D.21.8

;

εἴ τις ἰδίᾳ τινὰ δεδιὼς ἄ. ἀπρόθυμός ἐστιν Th.4.86

.

C IN CRASIS, freq. τἄρα, μεντἄρα, οὐτἄρα: also δήξομἄρα for δήξομαι ἄ., Ar.Ach.325; οἰμώξετἄρα, κλαύσἄρα, Id.Th.248, Pax 532: also in Trag., E.Hyps.Fr.34.86.

D ἄρα never stands first in the sentence in Classical Greek (Arist.Mech.851a22 is corrupt), but is found at the beginning of an apodosis in Ev.Matt.12.28, Ep.Rom.10.17, and first in a sentence, Ev.Luc.11.48, Vett.Val.305.20; in conclusion of syllogism, Herm. ap.Stob.3.11.31.